Quarter 3:
Project 1:
Sculpture- Paper Mache Animals
Student Work In Progress April 2018
Sculpture:
Students will decide on an Animal to create in Paper Mache that represents a culture, has symbolism within a culture, or has personal meaning to the student which they can identify with, which will be researched on the computer and explored in a student essay. Essay: The Sculpture will be accompanied by a one page Essay by the student as to the animal's symbolic meaning in various cultures around the world. The Animal may be mythical or extinct, but have some basis in history or human culture, which would be explored in the essay. Photographs should be included with the essay. The animal may be related personally to the students own experience. One example would be such as the Native American's belief in a Spirit or Power Animal, students could imagine what their power animal would be if they were a Native American. The students connection to their experience or connection to the animal would be explored in the essay. Grading Rubric:
1) The sculpture must be well planned and able to stand on it's own 2) it must be able to be viewed from all sides 3) The sculpture must be painted or finished in some way using paint that reveals surface details, colored stain, varnish, color tissue paper. 4) The Animal must relate to the students Essay 5) The Essay must be one full page |
Objective:
Students will sketch plans, assemble armature, construct and paint an animal that represents a symbol from a culture of their choice.
SCULPTURE TERMS
ARMATURE a support upon which clay or other materials may be used in building or fashioning an image. A skeleton-like framework used to support constructions of clay or papier-mâché, usually made of stiff wire. CRAFTSMANSHIP the skill with which one uses tools and materials.
PAPERMACHE in French, it means “chewed paper”. This versatile technique of molding paper into permanent shapes originated in China, was learned by the Europeans in the 18th century and reached it’s zenith as a popular craft in Victorian England. An art material made of paper torn into strips or made into pulp and mixed with paste or glue. It can be molded into various shapes when wet and produces a solid material that is quite strong when it dries.
RELIEF a form of sculpture in which the image projects from a background.
FREESTANDING a sculpture intended to be viewed from all sides. MANIPULATION to shape by skilled use of the hands, modeling.
MODELING a sculpture technique meaning to shape a pliable material.(clay) ADDITION a sculptural technique meaning to build up, to assemble or to put on.
SCULPTURE the art of shaping expressive three-dimensional forms. (3-D art)
ARMATURE a support upon which clay or other materials may be used in building or fashioning an image. A skeleton-like framework used to support constructions of clay or papier-mâché, usually made of stiff wire. CRAFTSMANSHIP the skill with which one uses tools and materials.
PAPERMACHE in French, it means “chewed paper”. This versatile technique of molding paper into permanent shapes originated in China, was learned by the Europeans in the 18th century and reached it’s zenith as a popular craft in Victorian England. An art material made of paper torn into strips or made into pulp and mixed with paste or glue. It can be molded into various shapes when wet and produces a solid material that is quite strong when it dries.
RELIEF a form of sculpture in which the image projects from a background.
FREESTANDING a sculpture intended to be viewed from all sides. MANIPULATION to shape by skilled use of the hands, modeling.
MODELING a sculpture technique meaning to shape a pliable material.(clay) ADDITION a sculptural technique meaning to build up, to assemble or to put on.
SCULPTURE the art of shaping expressive three-dimensional forms. (3-D art)
Directions/steps:
watch the videos first to get an idea of how artists work, all the different material that COULD be used for this project, and where we are going with the final result
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1) There are many ways to create your paper mache sculpture, but first you must start with an idea! I have my students draw or print out a researched animal in the position it is that they want to use for their artwork.
2) Draw a rough "skeleton" of how the creature is connected and held together.
3) You can use wire to bend and twist into this configuration, or just use newspaper rolled in long tubes to bend and interlock , and then secure with tape. (Don't overdo the tape, it is not necessary and just wastes it.)
4) Pad newspaper around the "skeleton" slowly to form the "muscle". Tape where necessary.
5) A "skin" of paper mache finishes off the sculpture. These are small overlapping 1-2" squares of newspaper soaked in the paper mache paste, squeegee off the excess with your fingers, and smooth on the sculpture covering the entire body like "skin". Overlap the pieces to give it strength.
6) Hang the sculpture to dry, or set it carefully someplace out of the way-
7) When dry add another layer of paper mache "skin", Let dry
8) Repeat the paper mache so that you have 3 layers.
9) Let this dry thoroughly
10) Paint the sculpture
HISTORY OF PAPER MACHE:
Borrowed from a great resource about paper mache: http://www.papiermache.co.uk/
at that site learn how to make a giraffe here: CLICK HEREwww.papiermache.co.uk/tutorials/giraffe/
at that site learn how to make a giraffe here: CLICK HEREwww.papiermache.co.uk/tutorials/giraffe/
Despite the French sounding name, papier mache was not made in France until the mid 17th century. However, they were the first country in Europe to do so.
- Papier mache actually originates from China; the inventors of paper itself. They used papier mache to make helmets of all things, which they toughened by many layers of lacquer. Examples have been found dating back to the Han Dynasty (BC 202 – AD 220).
- From China, the interest in papier mache spread to Japan and Persia, where it was used in mask making and Cultural festival activities. Eventually it spread across the world. Large imports of papier mache objects swamped European markets. This in turn led France to start making its own wares, and England followed suit in the 1670s. There was only a half-hearted interest until the late 1700s and into the 1800s, when it became widely used.
- Papier Mache (French for “chewed paper”) is believed to have got its name from French workers in London papier mache shops who did just that! Whether this is actually true or not we shall probably never know. The manufacturers didn’t seem to mind this idea being put about - possibly because it gave them the chance to hide their true methods and recipes, some of which little is known about even today.
- In 1740 the manufacturer John Baskerville, well known for his fine quality books and typefounding, began to imitate the lacquered pieces from Japan. This is how the term “japanning” came about. His business was very successful and later his assistant Henry Clay, invented a way to produce papier mache so strong that it was equally as durable as wood. He did this by gluing specially prepared paper under heat to form tough, heat resistant panels. Henry Clay had taken out a patent on his invention, but when this ran out; small companies mushroomed, producing just about everything from papier mache. It is from these companies that we get the beautifully decorated black enameled pieces that are so treasured today.
- An Englishman – a Northamtonshire Quaker, who was a leading expert in the art of japanning, introduced papier Mache into America. His name was William Allgood and he started up the Litchfield Manufacturing Company. He met with great success in his venture and the company became well known for its fabulously decorated clock cases.
- Papier Mache lived on in America more as a craft form rather than a manufacturing material. Women started to make useful and decorative household objects. In the 1960’s a bit more papier mache interest was injected by a New York artist called Gemma, who while working with her husband in Mexico managed to stir up a lot of interest amongst Mexican artists who were inspired by her work and later even taught by her. This is despite Mexico’s long history of using papier mache for festivals and traditions, which are still going on today.
- Doll heads were extensively made in England and France. They were made in a mould that had a wooden core down the middle. These were made as early as the 16th century in France and by 1810 were in mass production. They are highly collectable today.
- By 1860 papier mache production had reached its peak. England was still producing a lot of wares, while still importing vast amounts from China. The market became saturated leading to a decline in popularity. Competition from new materials helped the papier mache industry die a death. The final British manufacturer, McCallum and Hodson, closed in 1920.
- TODAY: Papier mache is still used today in theatre and stage productions as it makes excellent trees and rocks for scenery being so light and easy to move. Some countries such as Mexico still use papier mache a lot.